Analog to digital converter



Dec. 11, 1962 J. L. MEDOFF ANALOG To DIGITAL CONVERTER 6 Sheets-Sheet 1 Filed Dec. 1l 1958 JOSEPH L. MEDOFF INVENTOR.

ATTORNEYS Dec. l1, 1962 J.' L. MEDOFF 3,068,462

ANALOG To DIGITAL CONVERTER Filed Dec. l, 1958 6 Sheets-Sheet 2 JOSEPH L. MEDOFF www@ ATTORNEYS DeC- 11, 1962 J. 1 .MEDoFF 3,068,462

ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER Filed Dec. 1, 1958 e sheets-sheet s JOSEPH L. MEDOFF INVEN I OR.

ATTORNEYS Dec. l1, 1962 J. L. MEDoFF ANALOG To DIGITAL CONVERTER 6 Sheets-Sheet 4 Filed Dec. l, 1958 JOSEPH LMEDOFF INVENTOR.

ATTORNEYS.

B I zO-m .rDaPDO 44.505

Dec. l1, 1962. J. L. MEDOFF ANALOG To DIGITAL CONVERTER 6 Sheets-Sheet 5 Filed Deo. 1, 1958 JOSEPH L. MEDOFF ATTORNEYS Dec. 11, 1962 J. l.. MEDOFF 3,068,462

ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER Filed Dec. 1, 195s e sheets-sheet e ATTORNEYS United This invention relates to analog to digital conversion devices and in particular to a converter which utilizes a simply constructed magnetic component.

Analog to digital conversion devices are available in several types and in many forms. There is a converter which is electro-mechanical in nature, that is to say, the input is a mechanical analog and the output is an electrical digital converter which overcomes one or more of the limited in its application.

All electronic analog to digital converters, that is to say, converters where the input and output is an electronic signal, are also found in many varieties and forms. here is one common characteristic, however, which limits their use and their field of application. This characteristic is the complexity of the electronic circuitry necessary for performing the conversion and the accompanying high cost of producing the equipment. Practitioners have found it impractical to connect known converters in series for extending their range of operation, because of the high cost of the individual units.

It is an object of the invention to provide an anaiog to digital converter which overcomes one or more of the limitations and disadvantages of known converters.

It is another object of the invention to provide an analog to digital converter which is compact, and can be manufactured in a simple and facile manner at low cost.

It is still another object of the invention to provide an analog to digital converter which utilizes an easily conructed magnetic core as the principal active element.

It is a further object to provide an analog to digital converter which:

(l) Utilizes an analog signal to adjust the magnitude of magnetic flux in a flux path, and digital signals for saturating the flux path. The number of digital signals required for saturating the flux path is representative of magnitude of the analog signal.

(2) Utilizes an analog signal for adjusting the effective magnetic cross section of a flux path, thus determining the number of increments of i'iux that are required to be added to flux path to saturate its eective cross section, the number of increments being representative of the magnitude of the analog signal.

(3) Has the ability to operate with a continuously or intermittently applied analog signal.

(4) Converts analog signals to digital representations Where the rate of change in the curvature of the analog signal is slow -as compared to the repetition rate of digital sigilials derived from the converter, which can be very hig Briefly, the preferred embodiment of the present invention comprises a magnetic core in which are defined a iirst and a second ux path, the second flux path being included within the first. The converter also includes eans, comprising windings coupled to the first iiux path for first saturating it and then reversing th-e iiux in a section, common to both the first iiux path and the second, by applying an analog signal to a winding. The extent of the iiux reversal is related to the magnitude of the analog signal. Provision is also made for applying digital signals to a winding which is coupled to the second iiux path only. Each such digital signal produces a small iiux change in the second iiux path tending to restore the section to its previous saturated condition. The number of digital signals required to accomplish a complete restoraatent lCt tion is indicative of the magnitude of the analog signal. Finally, there is provided means for converting each partial iiux changes in the second iiux path to an electrical output signal. The number of electrical output signals thus reiiects the magnitude of the analog signal.

rl`he novel features that are considered characteristic of the invention are set forth in the appended claims; the invention itself, however, both as to its organization and method of operation, together with additional objects and advantages thereof, will best be understood from the following description of a specific embodiment when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram, partly schematic and partly in block form, of an `analog to digital converter embodying the principles of the present invention;

FIG. 2 contains fragmentary views of a transuxor core showing iinx conditions in one of its flux paths under several conditions;

FIG. 3 is a representation of a series of hysteresis loops Which are useful in explaining the operation of the analog to digital converter;

FIG. 4 is a representation of a hysteresis loop which is also useful in explaining the operation of the invention;

FIG. 5 is a representation of a group of curves showing the time relationship between signals employed in the FiG. l analog to digital converter;

FiG. 6 is a schematic circuit diagram of a portion of an analog to digital converter, which includes means for resetting the converter; and

FIG. 7 is a representation of a group of curves which are used to illustrate the reset feature of the FIG. 6 circuit.

Descrz'ption of the FIG. 1 Analog to Digital Converter Referring to FIG. l of the drawings there is represented therein a circuit diagram, partly schematic and partly in block form, of an analog to digital converter embodying the principles of the present invention. The converter, generally designated 10, comprises means dening a rst and second ux path, the second being wholly included within the iirst. Preferably, the means containing the ux paths comprises a transfiuxor core 12 comprising a central aperture 13 and an off center aperture 14. The core material may be a ferrite, or a ferromagnetic material commonly used in computer applications. The speciiied arrangement of apertures 13 and 14 is illustrative, there being other configurations which are satisfactory for performing the functions to be described. The first iiux path 16, comprises an annular section defined between the center aperture 13 and an outer marginal edge 17 of the transi'luxor core 12. A second liux path 19, comprises an annular section deiined by the aperture i4 and the dashed line 21. lt will be noted that the annular section 19 is wholly included within the first ilux path 16, and includes two sections 16a and 16h, which are substantially parallel to the first flux path 16. These sections, 16a and 1Gb, are delineated by the dashed lines 15a and 15b.

it is not an object of this discussion to describe in detail the theory of the operation of the transfluxor core 12. An excellent discussion on this subject is found in an article published in the Proceedings of the LRE., March 1956, by J. A. Rajchrnan, and A. W. Lo. in this discussion, there will be described a novel construction and application utilizing the transuxor core discussed by the authors of the aforementioned article which results in an efficient and reliable analog to digital converter. Only those operating characteristics of the transfluxor core which are necessary for clarity and understanding of this invention will be described herein.

The analog to digital converter also includes means for inducing ilux in the rst iin A' ath, for first saturating the lirst iiux h the magnitude of the iiuX in section il the analog signal. The above described means is illustrated in FG. 1 as two separate and distinct windings 2.2 and This approach is used to simplify the description of the operation of the converter il. it will be clear to one skilled in the art that the functions of lirst saturatinU the first flux path i6 and then adjusting the magnitude of ilux therein as a function of the analog signal may be performed by a single winding by either sharing the time it is used for either function or superimposing a saturating signal on the analog signal therein. The function of saturatin@ the rst llux path i6 is performed by winding 44, whose extremities are terminated in terminals e7 and The function of adjusting the flux as a function of the analog signal is performed by winding S32 which is terminated in terminals 3 and Terminal 23 is cou pled to terminal 48 and both are connected to a source of negative potential -l The analog signal originates in an analog signal supply means 39 which does not form a part of the converter 10 but represents any suitable signal source. The analog signal supply means is coupled through an input terminal 37 of a DC. current generator 3d. The DC. current generator 3d, which is adapted to be coupled through an output 36 to terminal 24 of winding 22 is provided to generate a current, proportional to the analog Signal, that is capable of energizing the winding 22 without distorting or loading down the analog signal. it follows, therefore, that the only requirement of the DC current generator 3d is that it have a linear relationship between its input circuit and its output circuit. One such generator may be an emitter follower having the winding 22 coupled to its collector circuit and having as its input circuit its base.

To provide a signal for saturating the first flux path i6 there is provided a gated amplifier 46 which includes an output terminal that is coupled to terminal 47 of the winding 44.

The converter l@ also includes means for coupling unidirectional signals in the second flux path i9 for restoring the flux in the section titz to the initial saturated state by incremental ux changes, after the flux in the section 16a has been adjusted to the level determined by the analog signal. rthis coupling means comprises a winding 2t? which linlts the second linx path 19 in the manner shown in FIG. l. Gne extremity of winding 26 is connected to a terminal 23. The other is coupled through a diode to terminal 27.

The converter l't also includes means coupled to the second tlux path for converting the incremental ux changes induced in the second flux path by winding 26 to output signals. This means comprises a winding Z9 wound around the annular section defining the second ux path dit. Winding Z9 is terminated in a terminal 3T. which is connected to a ground potential and a terminal 32 which may be coupled to an external utilization device.

As will be shown hereinafter, for selected types of signals, the transuxor core if?, and the windings 2?., 2o, 2.9 and 44 can per se operate as an analog to digital converter. However, in practice the available signals re generally derived from' voltage sources or, if they are obtained from current sources, they do not have sutlicient pover to operate the transiluxor core i2. Accordingly, there are provided in the converter 1li components such DC. generator 3d, which implement the trans'iluxor core l2 for signals of a general nature. Another implement device of this type comprises the toroidal core de, its associated windings 67, 6.3, 69 and a pair of amplifiers generally designated 73 and 76. The winding dit is coupled to terminals and Zt? at the input of the coupling means for translating unidirectional signals to the second flux path i9. The winding 67 comthe means being adapted pat and then adjusting 6a as a function of prises an input winding for the toroidal core 66, and the winding 69 comprises a reset winding. One end of each of the windings 67 and d? are connected to a source of positive potential -l-B. The other ends of these windings are coupled to the collectors 72, and 77 respectively of the amplifiers 73 and '76. These amplifiers '/3 and 76 are normally biased to cut oilC by connecting their emitters Sli and 82 respectively through a resistor S4 to a source of negative potential -B. A diode $3@ is connected between the emitters and ground for preventing the emitters from going more negative than ground potential.

The converter lil includes control means for governing the sequence of events which taltes place during a conversion operation. In the converter 10, the control signals are digital in nature and originate in a signal supply means S9. For purposes of this discussion the signal supply means 559 is shown as part of the analog to digital converter lil. However, it will be obvious to one skilled in the art that digital signals of the type required in thc converter l@ may be available in many of the digital apparatus with which the converter 16 may be called upon to operate. The signal supply means 59 includes an output terminal 6l for supplying digital signals to a gate Si. Similar digital signals, although delayed in time, are secured from a second terminal 79 of the signal supply means 59. The delayed signals are coupled from terminal 79 to the base 78 of the amplier 7o, to an input terminal S3 of the gated amplifier d6 and to an input terminal 63 of a multivibrator 52.

The multivibrator 52 comprises the primary timing element for the converter Iii. It is preferably a free running type which is operated in synchronism with the digital Signals applied thereto, in the manner described in paragraph 1810 on page lil-8 of the rst edition of a text by S. Seely, entitled Electronic Tube Circuits. The text is published by the McGraw-Hill lublishing Company. Gutput signals from the multivibrator 52 are obtained from a pair of terminals 56 and 57. These signals have opposite polarities. Terminal 57 is coupled to the gated amplifier 46 for controlling the ori-ofi time of the amplifier. Terminal 56 of the mutivibrator 52 is coupled to terminal i8 of the gate fill and provides a second input signal for the gate 51. Gate 51 is conventional in construction and design and may be a form of the well known diode and gates.

Associated with each of the windings described in the foregoing description is a dot shown at one end of the winding. The dot, as is conventional, indicates the polarity of the winding. For example, if current is assumed to be flowing into terminal 27 of winding 26, by convention, a voltage is induced in the winding 29 which will cause a current to leave terminal 32 of winding 2g. To further assist in the understanding of the linx gyrations, the direction of the windings on the cores l2 and 65, shown in the drawings are consistent with the polarity designated by the dots.

Theory of Operation To make the mode of operation of the analog to digital converter more understandable, the operation of the transiiuxor will be briey discussed. Reference will be made to FIGS. l through 4 of the drawings during the explanation.

in HG. l of the drawings, a bifurcated arrow, designoted di, repr s direction taken by the flux induced the rst linx path i6 by thc winding dd. it will be noted that llux ai divides into two pnt.: designe-.ted da and gelb and p; e lections a and tGb, respectively, of the lirst i f rthe counterclocltwise arrow designated this denotes tue direction taken by the llux induced in the ilu): n.. .2 by the winding The arrow, site ,d within cond itin; path i9, and pointing iu a coentercloclwise direction is designated gb?. and

represents the direction taken by the linx induce' in the second llux path 19 by signais applied to winding 26.

Enlarged fragmentary views of the transfluxor core l?. in the region of the small aperture 14 are represented in A, B and C of FIG. 2. The fragmentary views serve to illustrate several flux distribution states to which the translluxor core may be set and their effect on the efforts of winding 26 to induce a ux gb?. in the second flux path i9. In the normal operation of the translluxor, and its preferred mode of operation for purposes of this invention, the iluX el is initially increased in magnitude until sections 16 and db of the first flux path la@ are saturated. rThis condition is represented by arrows pla and 'illb Shown passing through sections 16a and lh. Considering for the moment a current in winding 26 tending to increase the flux in the counterclockwise direction, it is obvious that this objective can not be accomplished because the pla flux in section 16a has wholly saturated that section thus preventing any further increase in flux therein. Assuming now that the current in winding 26 is of a polarity that will induce a flux in a clockwise direction, it will be apparent that this attempt will also fail because the gbllb flux in section 16h has previously saturated that section. Consequently, regardless of the polarity of the current flowing in winding 26, the magnitude of the linx within the second flux path i9 can not be changed. Accordingly, an output signal from winding 29 can not be obtained because, as it is well known, a change of flux is required to induce a voltage in a winding coupled to a ilux path. The translluxor core '12 is, under these conditions, said to be blocked signifying that for signals applied to winding 26 there will be no output signals generated at winding 29. ln the blocked condition the entire cross sectional area of section 16a has been saturated in the same direction as section 16h.

The translluxor core l2 may also `be placed in an unblocked condition, so named because bls has saturated section 16a in a direction opposite to that of section isb. See view B of FIG. 2. Under these conditions the linx in the second llux path i9 now takes on the appearance of a normal unidirectional flow of linx in a simple toroid, namely all flux flowing in the same direction. Consider now the effect of a positive signal applied to terminal 27 of winding 2d. Ffhe flux (p2 induced in the second flux path 19, as a consequence of this signal, is in a counterclockwise direction, as indicated by the arrow. 'l` he flux (p2 tends to reverse the iplb and pls flux existing in the second flux path i9 under unblocked conditions. As there is nothing to prevent a reversal of this linx a change in the magnitude and direction occurs. This change of flux induces a signal in the winding 29 which links the second llux path i9. lt will be remembered, that under unblocked conditions, the flux in the second flux path 19 liowed in a clockwise direction. lf we assume 4)?. to be of sufficient magnitude, it will completely reverse the direction of ux in the second fluir path. Clearly, where 2 completely reverses the direction of linx in the second flux path 19, the reversal occurs over the entire cross sectional area of the section la.

Referring now to view C of FiG. 2, the flux llowing in the second liuX path i9 represents a condition in between the two extreme conditions, blocked and unblocked, previously described. ln View C,'section isb is saturated by the flux qblb. ln 16a, it is seen that pls has not completely reversed pla. For purposes of illustration it will be assumed that 1s is flowing in 3/5 of the cross sectional area of section in. The dash line E6 delineates between the portions of section 16a which include llux pla and pls. To restore section 16a to a saturated state it is merely necessary to reverse the liow of flux in the portion which carries 1151s.

lt will now be shown that the distribution of pls is in section 16a may be controlled by controlling the ux induced in the first flux path 16 by the analog signal. A fundamental magnetic relationship is that H Z tu where lf the llux path is annular, as the first flux path i6 is,

where r=the radial distance from the center of the aperture 13.

Referring brieily to FIG. 4 of the drawings, there is shown a hysteresis loop 9i Iwhich can be used to illustrate the mechanism of setting the magnitude of iux gels. As is weil known a hysteresis curve represents a relationship of the flux density flowing in the ux path as a function of H. However, since the llux density is directly related to the llux where the cross sectional area of the liux path is constant, the latter designation will be used.

After the lirst flux path 16 is saturated, both sections 16a and lab are magnetically set to a saturated remanent point, --qr on curve 91, for example. As the analog current in winding 22 is increased, H increases towards the left, as viewed in FIG. 4, through H1, H2 and finally to H3. At H3 a complete reversal in flux has taken place. lt is clear, however, from Equation 2 that the intensity of H varies inversely as the radial distance r. lf the transliuxor core material has a substantially rectangular hysteresis curve, as shown in curve 91, as is usual in this type of application, a small change in H, from H1 to H3, is required to completely reverse the llux. It also follows from the relationship between H and r that 2ls can be made to penetrate across the width of section loa to any extent. it is possible, therefore, for a given magnitude of l to have flux in adjacent portions of a flux path going in opposite directions.

The pls penetration in section 16a can also be characterized by hysteresis curves which represent the flux condition existing in the second flux path i, considered alone, after the llux in the second flux path 19 has been set by the analog signal. In other words, hysteresis curves can rellect the degree of penetration of qbis.

in FlG. 3 of the drawings there are represented three idealized hysteresis loops, each taken for a different setting of qblls, shown in Fifi. 2. Curve in PEG. 3 represents the hysteresis condition existing in the second flux path 19 for a blocked translluxor core as shown in view A of FEG. 2. lt is seen that there is substantially no vertical dimension, indicating that flux changes within this core are impossible. Curve 89 represents a hysteresis loop showing the condition in the section 16a wherein a qls flux corresponding to view C in FIG. 2, exists, and curve 91 represents a completely unblocked form as represented in View B of FlG. 2.

lt is apparent, from the foregoing, that a signal in winding 22, which determines the magnitude of qbis also determines the height of the hysteresis loop for the second liux path l. Accordingly, if the signal which generates :p2 is not large enough to saturate section 16a, and merely increases the flux therein by an increment, the number of such increments required to saturate the section will depend on the height of the hysteresis loop. For example, referring to FIG. 4 of the drawings, there is shown therein hysteresis loop 91 representing condition B of FIG. 2 wherein als has completely reversed the ux in section 16a. Magnetically, therefore, section 16a is at the positive rcrnanent peint, designated -l-gbr. lf we assume that cach signal applied to winding produces a change of linx equal to db (see FIG. 4) it will take live such changes changes to completely reverse the `direction of thu: liow in the second ilu); path bringing it to its negative remanent point, designated -oiz Maniiestly, in the case of hysteresis loop 39, only three changes of flux in the second ux path would reverse the direction.

The operation of the digital to analog converter makes use of the above described property of the transliuXor core. The analog signal determines the magnetic state of tne second tlux path and consequently, the nurner of digital signals required to saturate the path.

As a practical matter, before applying a signal to gcnerate a set llux, the lirst ilux path i6 is blocked. This step is in the nature of providing a reference level from which the set llux can act. The remanent points of a core are speciic and tl e core may be repeatedly set to either remanent condition very reliably. There are numerous ways and means for providing a liux of an absolute magnitude in the core. However, because of the hysteresis eliect these procedures are not reliable and often times inaccurate. in practice, it has been found desirable to set a core to a remanent condition in order to establish an accurate initial operating condition.

Operation of FIG. I Analog to Digital Converter During the discussion of the operation of the analog to digital converter it? reference will be made to FlG. l through FlG. 5 of the drawings. In FIG. 5 there are represented a group of curves showing signals used in operating the converter lll. Curve 92 represents a digital signal wherein the pulses recur periodically. Curve 93 illustrates another digital signal, substantially identical to the signal shown in curve 92 except that these signals have been delayed in time by an interval dt. The signals in curve Q2 are obtained from terminal 6l of the signal supply means 55* and the signals in curve @3 are obtained from the terminal 7i? of the signal supply means 59.

The curve designated 9d represents a positive enabling signal whose duration is equal to tive times the spacing between the individual signals in curve 93. The curve designated shows another positive enabling signal having a duration equal to two times the spacing between the signals in curve 93. Curves 9d and 95 are derived in the sequence shown from terminals 56 and 57 respectively, of the multivibrator rthe curve designated 97 denotes a portion of an analog signal. Normally, the duration of the enabling signals @d and 9d will be extremely short when compared with the rate of change of the slope of the analog signal. Accordingly, the amplitude of curve 97 will be constant during the duration of an enabling signal. This constancy is substantially as shown in curve 97. A slight slope is illustrated therein to provide a visual indication of the analog signal as a signal which varies with time.

initially, the converter .lll is adjusted as follows. At time t@ the enabling signal 95 has activated the gated amplilier 46. A digital signal from terminal 79 is amplilied and translated through the gated amplifier and applied to the winding (see FIG. l). The amplified signal in winding acts to increase the magnitude or the linx tbl until the iirst linx path lion and leb included therein, are saturated, at -l-qr. lt will be noted from FiG. l that the analog signal supply means 39 is, during this interval, supplying the analog signal to the DC. current generator 3d and then to the winding 22. It is clear that the presence of the analog signal in winding Z is attempting to create the llux (pls. However, the magnitude of the amplified digital signal in winding i4 is suflicient to swamp out, or nulliy the ilux inducing eiect of winding 22.

A conversion is initiated at time t1 when the enabling signal 96 drops to zero and deactivates the gated amplifier 4d. When the gated amplilier 46 is deactivated the analog ,osa/lee signal is able to create a linx pls in the iirst ilux path 16, and in the section du, in the manner previously discussed.

Also, at time il a digital signal derived from curve 93 is applied from the signal supply means to the base ot' the amplifier 76. This digital signal is ampliiied and applied to Winding 69 on the toroidal core 66. This arnplied signal in the winding 69 induces llux within the core 66 or suticient magnitude and of the proper polarity to saturate the core 6:5. ln this discussion it will ybe assumed tlat the core 6d at this time is saturated in a negative direction, and inducing a negative signal in wind ing 68 in the process. The operation just discussed is a resetting action for placing the toroidal core 66 in condition for translating a digital signal to the transiluxor core lt will be noted that a signal is not translated to the transtluxor l2 because, the translation of this negative signal is blocked by the diode 25' which is poled to permit the translation of the positive signals. At time t2 a pulse, iront curve 92, is applied from the signal supply means 59 to the gate El. Since the enabling signal 94, which was generated in the multivibrator 52 at time t1 is still present, and since it is coupled through terminal 56 of the multivibrator to terminal 5S of the gate 5l, at time t2, when the digital signal arrives at terminal 62 of the gate 5l, it can pass through the base 74 of the amplifier 73. The amplified signal is coupled from the amplifier 73 to winding 67 and causes a positive signal to be developed in winding 63. The positive signal is translated through the diode 2S to winding 2a on the transtluxor core l2.

is noted that the digital signals to the converter are in the nature of voltage pulses. These voltage pulses are converted by the core 66 to current pulses having the correct waveshape for driving the transtluxor l2. It is recognized that incremental changes in llux may be generated in the transiluxor core by a properly shaped signal applied directly to the winding 26 thereon. However, the pur pose or providing the core 66 is to make absolutely certain that these incremental llux changes are of equal magnitude. The core ed makes available at the input to winding 26 a current signal whose magnitude is constant, since the current signal developed in the core 66 is generated by a complete reversal of llux in the core 66, from one saturated state to another.

Continuing our assumption that the analog signal has initially set the llux in section 16a to the condition shown in view C of FlG. 2, the following sequence of events will take place as the digital signals are applied through the core 66 to the winding 26 and then to the flux generated in the second *"ux path i9. Since (pls has penetrated to the extent ot 3/5 of the width of section 16a the second llux path is operating under conditions represented by the hysteresis loop 89 in FiG. 3. Since the height of loop 89 is 3/5 of the height of the loop 91 (FlG. 4) it will take only three changes in liux (dal) to reverse the flux gils until the section is once again saturated in the direction that it was originally blocked by 'lux ola. Another way of looking at this same operation is to assume that section was originally blocked to the positive saturated point +o. See PPG. 4. Pl`he lux ois has carried the section loa in a negative direction to the point :p0 on the hysteresis loop 9i. The incremental tlux changes in the section los caused by the digital signals act to reverse the action of the ilux ois. it is clear from FIG. 4 that whereas it requires live such changes to block a completely unblocked core, it requires only three to accomplish the saine purpose where the analog signal has induced thc flux pls that has penetrated the section 16a to the extent of of its width.

ln curve 9 of FIG. 5 the three output signals are represented. lt will be noted that these signals occur early in the con ersion operation, since section itin is saturated by the third digital signal.

time r3, at the conclusion at the conversion interval,

the multivibrator once again reverses itself thereby removing the enabling signal from gate 51 and generating an enabling signal for the gated ampliier 46. In the manner previously described, a digital signal is amplied through the gated amplifier 46 and applied to winding 4A. thus blocking the transfiuxor core 12 and re-establishing reference magnetic state in the seco-nd flux path 19, prior to the next conversion cycle.

Description and Operation of the FIG. 6 Analog to Digital Converter It was previously pointed out, from Equation 1, that H is inversely proportional to l. Normally the transuxor core 12 is constructed so that the ratio of the lengths of the first to the second ux path is large so that the ux variations in the second flux path 19 do not affect the status of the flux induced in those portions of the first flux path 16 which are remote from the aperture 15%. it is possible to remove the analog signal from the winding 22 shortly after the analog signal has supplied the flux qls in the iirst tlux path 16, thus making it possible to use the converter with apparatus requiring that the analog signal be sampled. In the interval between sampling periods the transtiuxor core 12 stores the last applied analog signal in the form of ilux 1. A detailed explanation of this operation will be presented hereafter.

In accordance with ano-ther feature of this invention means may be provided `for automatically resetting the flux in the second ilux path 19 if a saturated condition therein has been reached. Briefly, the resetting mechanism acts on the principle that the impedance of a coil wound on a magnetic core drops substantially to zero when the core is magnetized.

Referring to FlG. 6 of the drawings there is shown a fragmentary View of an analog to digital converter generally designated in which there is provided an automatic resetting mechanism. Numeral designations applied to parts in the FIG. l converter have been retained for identical parts shown in FlG. 6.

The automatic resetting means comprises a transistor amplifier designated 102 in series with a winding 194 which is coupled to the .second flux path 19. The `transistor amplier 162 comprises a collector in?) which is coupled to one side of the winding 194. The other side of winding 1&4 is coupled t0 a source of positive potential l-B. The transistor ampliiier 162 also comprises an emitter 196 which is coupled through resistor 1&7 to a source of negative potential -B. A diode 1.03 is connected between an emitter 136 and ground for preventing the emitter from reaching a negative potential greater than ground. A base 1h21 in the transistor arnpliiier 1d?. is coupled to the junction 16d between terminals 2S of Winding 26 and a resistor 99. The other end of resistor 99 is connected to winding 63. A source of negative potential -Bl is connected to the winding titi side of resistor 99 for biasing the transistor ampliiier 192 to a cut ott condition.

From FIG. 6 it is seen that a signal generated in Winding is applied across the winding 26, and the resistor 99 in series. That the magnitude of the applied signal impressed across each of these elements is directly proportional to the magnitude of the impedances of 4these elements is well known. It is also well known that the impedance of a winding on a magnetic core is substantially higher when the core is unsaturated than when the core is in a saturated condition. For purposes of this invention the unsaturated impedance of winding 26 is adjusted to be about ten times greater than the resistance of the resistor 99. Accordingly, only ten percent of the signal obtained from winding 63 appears across resistor 99 when the second Hux path 19 is unsaturated. On the other hand substantially the entire signal obtained from winding 63 appears across resistor 99 when the second flux path 19 is saturated.

"E he operation of the automatic reset mechanism and a description of the operation of the computer when a momentary analog signal is supplied will be discussed with reference to FIG. 6 and the curves shown in FIG. 7. In PEG. 7 there is represented a group of curves denoting the time relationship of several of the signals supplied to and generated within the analog to digital converter 10. 1n curve 109 is shown a core blocking pulse which is applied to terminal 47 of `winding 44 as previously described. Curve 111 represents the instantaneous magnitude of an analog signal during a sampling period. The analog signai is applied to terminal 24 on winding 22. The unidirectional periodic signal shown in curve 112 represents the digital signals obtained from the output winding 68 on core 66 and applied to winding 26. Curve 113 represents the magnitude of the llux flowing in the direction of qla in section 16a of the second iiux path 19 as a function of time. T he voltage appearing at junctio-n 160, or in other words appearing across resistor 99, is shown in curve 114. The unidirectional signals shown in curve 116 represent the output signals obtained from the output winding 29 of the converter 16. In curve 117 the magnitude of the flux ela appearing in section 16a as a function of time is sho-wn under initial conditions other than those assumed for curve 113. The potential appearing at junction as a function of time, under the operating conditions existing for curve 117 is represented in curve 11S. Finally in curve 119, `the output signals from the converter 10', under the conditions existing for curve 117, are illustrated.

In accordance with the preferred mode of operating the analog to digital converer 10 the rst step is to bloeit the transfluxor core to establish a definitive reference level. Accordingly at time t0 in FIG. 7 a pulse, curve N9, is applied to terminal 47 of Winding 44 saturating the first and second flux path 16 including sections u and 16b. At time t1 the blocking signal is removed and an analog signal is applied to Winding 22 as shown in curve 111. In the manner heretofore described the analog signal reverses the flux in the rst iiux path 16 and in sec-tion 16a in particular. Referring not.' to curve 113 in FIG. 7 the large positive signal between times to and t1 represents the saturated state of the first and second iux paths. The reduction in the amplitude of the curve 113 between the time intervals f1 to .f2 indicates the extent to which the iiux in section 16a has been reduced by pls derived from the analog signal shown in curve 111. In this case the core has been completely unblocked.

At time t3 a digital signal is generated in winding 68 and translated through diode 2S to the winding 26 and resistor 99 in series. Since the second flux path 19 is not saturated most of the applied signal is impressed across the winding 26 thereby inducing in the second path 19 an increment of flux dtp shown on curve 11.3. Recalling the discussion on the operation of the FIG. l converter', and referring to FIG. 4, it is seen that the iiun increment dtp represents a positive increase in the rlux in the second flux path 19. In curve 113 this is reflected by a vertical shortly after time r3 in the ux of sec-tion 16a. At the conclusion of the digital pulse the magnitude of the linx decreases slightly and remains at this lower amplitude. The decrease arises by virtue of the fact that the top of the hysteresis loop, see FIGS. 3 and 1t, is not horizontal but is slightly inclined. The decrease would correspond to the drop in ux from point x in FIG. 4 to point y where y represents the incremental remanent condition. The events just described are repeated and each of the four following signals developed in winding 68. The tifth signal saturates the second ilux path 19, and the next succeeding pulse will not cause an incremental increase in ux in this path. Also, as a result of the saturated condition, the impedance of the winding 26 drops to zero. Consequently, the rst pulse occurring after the second flux path has been saturated, at time t5 is wholly impressed across resistor 99. This signal is of suicient magnitude an the proper polarity to overcome the bias o the transistor' amplilicr lllZ activating at the an:- pliiier. The amplied signal in the collector lo?? is applied across Ithe reset winding MF4 coupled to the second flux path 1Q. rThe effect of this signal in winding Mid is to reset the magnitude of the llux in the second flux path lili to the value that it initially had as indicated at point M35i on curve LHT. At time t6 the next digital signal from winding 63 is applied to winding 26 and an increment of flux is added to the second linx path l), in the manner heretofore described. The steps for saturatiug the second tlux path il? in the interval from t3 to t5 are repeated in 'the interval between t6 to t3, at which time the second flux path 19 again becomes saturated and is reset. At time t9 which occurs at some indefinite time after t8, the transluxor core i2 is blocked'. once again in prepara-tion for the next sample of the analog signal.

Curves il? through H9 illustrate the operation of the automatic reset mechanisms for a different initial condition of flux in section lon of the second flux path i9. As seen at t2, it is assumed that the flux has reached a magnitude of (pl as a result of first blocking the transfluxor core l2 and then being reversed by the analog signal. The lirst three digital signals applied to wind ing 26 increase the llux in section 16a incrementally as previously described. However, since these increments add to ilux gel, the section 16a saturates at the end of the third increment. The tirst reset pulse occurs. at time t4 as shown in curve 118.

The amplilied reset signal may be large enough to set section 16a to the positive remanent condition, or; however, it is not capable of doing this since section 1Gb saturates at the precise point at which 16a is set to the level determined by this. The events or the iirst cycle are repeated in the time interval between t4 and t7 and again in the time interval t7 and t8. ln each of these cycles the output signal comprises three unidirectional pulses, see curve 119. It will be noted that the three cycles are identical indicating that the flux in the first flux path did not undergo a change either due to a blocking action or a change of analog signal. However, at time t9 a blocking signal, applied to winding 44 for eX- ample, occurs which saturates section 16a. It is follotved by an analog signal which completely reverses the lux in from the positive saturated remanent -f-br to the negative remanent condition -qlz The events occurring after the core has been set in this manner will be identical to the events previously described for curves 1i3, lid and 116.

From the foregoinf7 it is clear that it is not necessary to have a constant application of the analog signal to the transtluxor core l2. The provision of an automatic reset mechanism will provide periodic indications or" the magnitude of the last analog signal applied to the core. To record a change in the analog signal, or to merely ascertain whether a change has taken place, it is merely necessary to block the transiluxor core and reintroduce the analog signal for a short period of time.

ln the entire discussion of the analog to digital converter lo nothing was said of the circuits required to introduce the blocking the signal and the analog signal. in view of the previous discussion outlining a suitable control system for the FIG. l converter lt), it will be a simple matter for one skilled in the art to provide control means for the converter The simplicity ot" the subject invention in terms of `mechanical and electrical components makes it possible to cascade a number of similar units to extend the range beyond that which is available for a single unit. Reliable operation is an inherent feature of this invention because the signals relied upon to perform the operation are not critical. That is, it is merely necessary to note tne presence or absence of the signal in order to operate the converter. rhe only signal whose amplitude must hat the analog signal ilux generated by of the transl uxor of ne core.

Clearly, if the digital input signals and the analog sigH l were capable of driving the transunor core l2, it ld be possible to dispense with the core 66 and its related circuits, and the DC. circuit amplifier. The conversion takes place directly in "t core the tra sr uxc-r providing unidirection signals only translated 'to winding li`he various features and advantages of this invention are thought to be clear from the foregoing description. Various other features and advantages not specifically enumerated will undoubtedly ocm to ythose versed in the likewise will many y.. ations and modifica ti nUA the preferred embodiment illustrated, all or" whic may be acm ved without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as dei". d by the following cl 'r^s.

l claim:

i. A converter for converting digital signals to a digital comprising: means e ning a second ux ath within said irst ilux path which includes sections parallel to said tirst linx path; means for lirst saturating said iirst flux path then adjusting the rr tude of flux in one of the sections as a function of the analog signal; means for applying unidirectional digital signals to said second tlux path for restoring the linx in the one section to the saturated state by incremental flux changes; and means coupled to said second path for. converting the incremental changes to output sig-rais whereby the number of output signals is representative of the magnitude of the analog signal.

2. A converter as described in claim l which includes in addition means for resetting the ilux in said one section to the level established therein by the analog signal.

3. A converter for converting digital signals to a digital representation of an analog signal comprising: a inagnetic core having a first and second ilux path defined therein, said second flux path being wi 'iin said first flux path and including sections parallel to said first ilux path; means for rst saturating said rst tlux path and then adjusting the magnitude of flux in one of the sections as a function of the analog signal; means for applying unidirectional digital signals to said second llux path for restoring the tlux in the one section to the saturated state by incremental iiux changes, and means coupled to said second pati for converting the incremental llur; changes to output signals whereby the number of output signals is representative of the magnitude et the analog signal.

4. A converter as described in claim 3 in which said magnetic core is a transiluxor.

5. A converter as described in claim 3 in which said magnetic core is cylindrical and defines a central and an oit-center aperture, said first flux path comprising an annular section of said core, the inner edge of which coincides with the marginal edge of the central aperture, said second ilus path comprising an annular section ot' the first flux path the inner edge of which coincides with the marginal edge ot the olf-center aperture.

6. A converter as described in claim 5 in which the or center aperture is spaced centrally within said annular section comprising the first ux path.

7. A converter for converting digital signals to a digital representation of an analog signal comprising; means dening a iirst and second llux path, the second path being wholly contained in the first and including sections parallel to said rst flux path; analog lsignal supply means; means including a lirst winding coupled to said analog signal supply means for developing a flux in one ot actions Whose magnitude is representative or" the magnitude of the analog signal means including; a second winding for coupling unidirectional digital signals to said second llux path for changing the flux therein in increments, the accumulated incremental 'llux changes when added to the ilux developed by the analog signal saturating said one section; and a third winding coupled to said second ilux path for converting the incremental changes in ux to digital output signals whereby the number of the electrical signals is representative of the analog signal.

8. A converter for converting digital signals to a digital representation of an analog signal comprising: means defining a iirst and second iiux path, the second path being included within the `first and including sections parallel to said first flux path; analog signal supply means; means including a irst winding coupled to said analog signal supply means for developing a ilux in one of the sections Whose magnitude is representative of the magnitude of the analog signal; a second winding for coupling digital signals to said second flux path for changing the ux therein in increments, the accumulated incremental ux changes when added to the liux developed by the analog signal saturating the one section; a third winding coupled to said second Iiiux for converting the incremental changes in lluX to digital output signals; and means for automatically resetting the magnitude of tiux in the one section to the level determined by the analog signal after said one section is saturated.

9. A converter as described in claim 8 in which said reset means comprises a reset winding coupled to said second flux path, and a resistor in the digital signal path, said resistor being coupled to the reset Winding rfor translating a digital signal to said reset Winding for inducing flux in said second `flux path for returning the ux in the one section to the level determined by the analog signal.

l0. A converter lfor converting digital signals to a digital representation of an analog signal comprising: a rst and second uX path, said second flux path being included in the first and including sections parallel to said rst flux path; means for rst saturating said irst flux path and then adjusting the magnitude of iiux in one of the sections as a function of the analog signal; means =for coupling digital signals to said second flux path; signal supply means coupled to the last mentioned means for providing a signal :for changing the iiux in the one section in increments; and means coupled to said second ux path responsive to the incremental flux changes therein for developing electrical signals, the number of which is representative of the magnitude of the analog signal.

ll. A converter as described in claim l0 which in addition includes means for resetting the ux in said one section to the level determined by the analog signal.

l2. A converter as described in claim l0 which in addition includes means lfor automatically resetting the flux in said one section to the level determined by the analog signal when -said one section is saturated.

13. A converter for converting `digital signals to a digital representation of an analog signal comprising: means defining a iirst flux path; means defining `a second flux path within said iirst flux path which includes sections parallel to said iirst flux path; means coupled to said rst flux path for adjusting the magnitude of ilux therein as a function of the analog signal; coupling means for applying unidirectional digital signals to said second flux path for saturating a section of said second flux path by incremental flux changes; and means coupled to said second liux path for converting the incremental flux changes to output signals whereby the number of output signals is representative of the `magnitudey of the analog signal.

References Cited in the .tile of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS An Wang Ian. 25, 1955 Arsenault et al. Sept. 22, 1959 OTHER REFERENCES UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE CERTIFICATE OE CORRECTION Patent No,l 3,068,462 December ll, 1962 Joseph L, Medoff It is hereby certified that error appears in the above numbered patent requiring correction and that the said Letters Patent should read as corrected below.

Column l, lines l6 and 17, strike out "digital converter which overcomes one or more o the limited in its application?, and insert instead signal, For obvious reasons this type of converter is limited in its application. column 3, line 68, after ."such" insert as column 5, line 74, strike out "is"; column 6, line 73, before "hysteresis loop" insert a column 7, line 4, strike out "changes"; column 8, line 65, after "such" insert flux column lO, line 30, for "converer" read converter column ll, line 62, strike out "the", second occurrence; column l2, line 2, for "since it it necessary" read since it is necessary --g column 13, line 2l, after "flux" insert path --Q Signed and sealed this 28th day of May 1963a (SEAL) Attest:

ERNEST W. SWIDER DAVID L. LADD Attesting Officer Commissioner of Patents UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE l CERTIFICATE oE CORRECTION Patent No, 3,068,462 December l1, 1962 Joseph Le Medoff It is hereby certified that error' appears in the above numbered patent requiring correction and that the said Letter-s Patent shou1d read as corrected below.

Column l, lines 16 and 17, strike out "digital converter which overcomes one or more of the limited in its application?, and insert instead signal., For obvious neasons this type of converter is limited in its application. Column 3, line 68, after' "such" insert as column 5, line '74, strike out "is; column 6, line 73, befoe "hysteresis loop" insert a column 7, line 4, strike out "changes; Column 8, line 65, after "such" insert flux column lO, line 30, for v'(zonverelf" read converter column 11, line 62, strike out "the", second occurrence; column l2, line 2, for msince it it necessary read since it is necessary --5 column 13, line 21, after "flux" insert -2- path Signed and sealed this 28th day of May 1963,s

(SEAL) Attest:

ERNEST W. SWIDER DAVID L. LADD Attesting Officer Commissioner of Patents 

